Base Applications
Install and configure libraries and basic applications.
- About the chapter - Description and environmental variable ($fs)
- bc-1.06 - Text mode calculator.
- zlib-1.2.3 - Compression libraries.
- pcre-7.4 - Perl-compatible regular expressions.
- e2fsprogs-1.39 - Filesystem management utilities.
- dropbear-0.50 - Lightweight SSH server and client.
- lighttpd-1.4.18 - HTTP web server.
- iptables-1.3.7 - Netfilter, Linux firewall.
- sqlite-3.5.1 - Small SQL database engine.
- cdrkit-1.1.5 - Tools for manipulating CD-ROM and ISO images.
- cpio-2.8 - Archiver used for SliTaz packages and initramfs.
- microperl-5.8.8 - A tiny Perl.
- module-init-tools-3.2 - Tools for manipulating the Kernel modules.
- Copy and compress the Kernel modules.
- Generate the initramfs and an ISO image.
About
This chapter describes the facilities libraries and basic text mode applications supplied with SliTaz.
Assign an environment variable ($fs)
An environmental variable can't specify the path to the directory, just the name of the directory. We will affect a variable ‘$fs’ to indicate the path to the root filesystem (rootfs). To do this, we venture into the working directory SliTaz/, and type:
# export fs=$PWD/rootfs
To check:
# echo $fs
bc-1.06 - Text mode calculator
The application bc (www.gnu.org/software/bc/) provides a small calculator. When compiling the utility, dc is also built, but not installed by SliTaz. Note that dc is also available with BusyBox. If you decide to copy dc, you need to delete the link to BusyBox (if it exists). We use a directory _pkg (package) for installation, use strip to clean the executables and copy the utilities:
# cd src # wget http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bc/bc-1.06.tar.gz # tar xzfv bc-1.06.tar.gz # cd bc-1.06 # ./configure --prefix=/usr --infodir=/usr/share/info \ --mandir=/usr/share/man # make # make DESTDIR=$PWD/_pkg install # strip -vs _pkg/usr/bin/* # cp -avi _pkg/usr/bin/bc $fs/usr/bin
libs
A small ldd on bc should produce:
libc.so.6 => /lib/libc.so.6 (0x40029000)
/lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x40000000)
zlib-1.2.3 - Compression libraries
The zlib (http://www.zlib.net/) package provides compression and decompression functions used by among others, the SSH server Dropbear and the X server:
# cd .. # wget http://www.gzip.org/zlib/zlib-1.2.3.tar.bz2 # tar xjfv zlib-1.2.3.tar.bz2 # cd zlib-1.2.3 # ./configure --shared --prefix=/usr # make # strip -vs libz.so* # cp -av libz.so* $fs/usr/lib
pcre-7.4 - Perl-compatible regular expressions
The package pcre (http://www.pcre.org/) provides libraries of functions for Perl compatible regular expressions used by among others, the web server Lighttpd:
# cd .. # wget ftp://ftp.csx.cam.ac.uk/pub/software/programming/pcre/pcre-7.4.tar.gz # tar xzfv pcre-7.4.tar.gz # cd pcre-7.4 # ./configure --prefix=/usr # make # make DESTDIR=$PWD/_pkg install # strip -vs _pkg/usr/bin/* # strip -vs _pkg/usr/lib/* # cp -av _pkg/usr/bin/* $fs/usr/bin # cp -av _pkg/usr/lib/*.so* $fs/usr/lib
e2fsprogs-1.39 - Filesystem management utilities
The e3fsprogs (http://e2fsprogs.sourceforge.net/) provides utilities for handling ext2 and ext3 filesystems. We will not take all of them because we need the space. It should be noted that we use fsck of BusyBox:
# cd .. # wget http://puzzle.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/e2fsprogs/e2fsprogs-1.39.tar.gz # tar xzf e2fsprogs-1.39.tar.gz # cd e2fsprogs-1.39 # ./configure --prefix=/usr --with-root-prefix="" \ --enable-elf-shlibs --disable-evms --sysconfdir=/etc \ --infodir=/usr/share/info --mandir=/usr/share/man # make # make DESTDIR=$PWD/_pkg install # strip -vs _pkg/sbin/* # strip -vs _pkg/lib/* # strip -vs _pkg/usr/bin/* # strip -vs _pkg/usr/sbin/* # strip -vs _pkg/usr/lib/*
Install the utilities, configuration files and libraries in the rootfs of SliTaz. Be careful if you used fsck, that you didn't destroy the link to BusyBox:
# cp -i _pkg/sbin/{badblocks,blkid,dumpe2fs,e2fsck,e2image} $fs/sbin
# cp -i _pkg/sbin/{e2label,findfs,logsave,mke2fs,mkfs.*} $fs/sbin
# cp -i _pkg/sbin/{resize2fs,tune2fs} $fs/sbin
# cp -a _pkg/lib/* $fs/lib
# rm -rf $fs/lib/libss*
# cp -a _pkg/etc/* $fs/etc
# cp -a _pkg/usr/bin/* $fs/usr/bin
# cp -a _pkg/usr/sbin/* $fs/usr/sbin
# cp -ad _pkg/usr/lib/*.so $fs/usr/lib
# rm -rf $fs/usr/lib/libss*
You can also copy files from the French locale:
# mkdir $fs/usr/share/locale # cp -a _pkg/usr/share/locale/fr $fs/usr/share/locale
Dropbear-0.50 - Lightweight SSH client and server
Dropbear (http://matt.ucc.asn.au/dropbear/dropbear.html) is a small secure client/server supporting SSH 2. Dropbear is compatible with OpenSSH and uses ~/.ssh/authorized_keys for the management of public keys. Dropbear also provides a version of scp, which must be compiled with ‘make scp’:
# cd .. # wget http://matt.ucc.asn.au/dropbear/releases/dropbear-0.50.tar.gz # tar xzf dropbear-0.50.tar.gz # cd dropbear-0.50 # ./configure --prefix=/usr # make # make scp # make DESTDIR=$PWD/_pkg install # strip -v scp # strip -v _pkg/usr/bin/* # strip -v _pkg/usr/sbin/*
Install the client and tools in /usr/bin, and the server in /usr/sbin:
# cp scp $fs/usr/bin # cp -a _pkg/usr/bin/* $fs/usr/bin # cp -a _pkg/usr/sbin/* $fs/usr/sbin
libs
libutil.so.1 => /lib/libutil.so.1 (0x40025000)
libz.so.1 => /usr/lib/libz.so.1 (0x40028000)
libcrypt.so.1 => /lib/libcrypt.so.1 (0x4003b000)
libc.so.6 => /lib/libc.so.6 (0x40068000)
/lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x40000000)
Copy the library libutil.so.1 to $fs/lib, if this is not already the case. Other libraries should be present following the construction of the base system:
# cp -a /lib/libutil* $fs/lib
Configure Dropbear
The user configuration files authorized_keys and known_hosts are in ~/.ssh. This directory and the file known_hosts are created automatically the first time the user launches dbclient. The system configuration files for the Dropbear server are in /etc/dropbear:
# mkdir $fs/etc/dropbear
You must generate the secure keys before starting the Dropbear server on SliTaz. You can use dropbearkey with the following commands:
# dropbearkey -t rsa -f /etc/dropbear/dropbear_rsa_host_key # dropbearkey -t dss -f /etc/dropbear/dropbear_dss_host_key
On SliTaz, you can start the SSH server with the command:
# /etc/init.d/dropbear start
lighttpd-1.4.18 - HTTP Web server
Lighttpd (www.lighttpd.net) is a light, secure and powerful web server. The project is very active and the server's configuration simple. It supports virtual hosts, CGI scripts, and allows intelligent management of the CPU:
# cd .. # wget http://www.lighttpd.net/download/lighttpd-1.4.18.tar.gz # tar xzf lighttpd-1.4.18.tar.gz # cd lighttpd-1.4.18 # ./configure -enable-shared --disable-ipv6 --prefix=/usr \ --libdir=/usr/lib/lighttpd --mandir=/usr/share/man # make # make DESTDIR=$PWD/_pkg install # strip -vs _pkg/usr/bin/* # strip -vs _pkg/usr/sbin/* # strip -vs _pkg/usr/lib/lighttpd/*
Install the server and generated libraries. We will then copy some of the modules (9):
# cp _pkg/usr/bin/* $fs/usr/bin # cp _pkg/usr/sbin/* $fs/usr/sbin # mkdir $fs/usr/lib/lighttpd Modules : # cp _pkg/usr/lib/lighttpd/mod_access.so $fs/usr/lib/lighttpd # cp _pkg/usr/lib/lighttpd/mod_accesslog.so $fs/usr/lib/lighttpd # cp _pkg/usr/lib/lighttpd/mod_alias.so $fs/usr/lib/lighttpd # cp _pkg/usr/lib/lighttpd/mod_auth.so $fs/usr/lib/lighttpd # cp _pkg/usr/lib/lighttpd/mod_cgi.so $fs/usr/lib/lighttpd # cp _pkg/usr/lib/lighttpd/mod_compress.so $fs/usr/lib/lighttpd # cp _pkg/usr/lib/lighttpd/mod_rewrite.so $fs/usr/lib/lighttpd # cp _pkg/usr/lib/lighttpd/mod_status.so $fs/usr/lib/lighttpd # cp _pkg/usr/lib/lighttpd/mod_userdir.so $fs/usr/lib/lighttpd
libs
There should be a libdl.so.2 library; if missing, we can copy:
# cp -a /lib/libdl* $fs/lib
/var/www - root of documents served
/var/www is the root directory of documents served by default. You can access this via the URL http://localhost/.
This directory contains an index.html automatically displayed by a query.
We will create the directory /var/www, to see what's placed inside:
# mkdir -p $fs/var/www
lighttpd.conf - Lighttpd configuration file
The Lighttpd main configuration file is located at /etc/lighttpd and is called lighttpd.conf. The configuration file SliTaz provides is self-explanatary, just browse. You can find other examples on the Lighttpd website and as well as an example configuration in /doc in the Lighttpd archive:
# cp -a ../slitaz-tools-1.1/etc/lighttpd $fs/etc
Creating the directory containing the log files:
# mkdir $fs/var/log/lighttpd
User and group www
We will add a user and a group for the web server, it adds security and there is no reason for it to be run a root. The default user on SliTaz is ‘www’, but you can change this in the configuration file lighttpd.conf. The BusyBox application adduser has some limitations, so we add user ‘www’ manually. We also change permissions on the directory of web server logs:
# echo "www:x:80:80:www:/var/www:/bin/sh" >> $fs/etc/passwd # echo "www:*:13509:0:99999:7:::" >> $fs/etc/shadow # echo "www:*:13509:0:99999:7:::" >> $fs/etc/shadow- # chroot $fs /bin/ash /# addgroup -g 80 www /# chown www.www /var/log/lighttpd # exit
To start the web server, you can use script /etc/init.d/lighttpd provided by SliTaz tools, by typing:
/etc/init.d/lighttpd start. You can also automate its
launch at boot with a link /etc/init.d/lighttpd pointing to /etc/rc.d/60lighttpd.
iptables-1.3.7 - Netfilter, Linux firewall
Netfilter (www.netfilter.org) is the module which provides the Linux Kernel firewall functions, shared internet connections (NAT) and the archiving of network traffic. The iptables command allows you to configure Netfilter using iptables-restore and iptable-save, to save and restore the Netfilter configuration:
# cd .. # wget http://www.netfilter.org/projects/iptables/files/iptables-1.3.7.tar.bz2 # tar xjf iptables-1.3.7.tar.bz2 # cd iptables-1.3.7 # make KERNEL_DIR=../linux-2.6.20 BINDIR=/sbin \ LIBDIR=/lib MANDIR=/usr/share/man # make KERNEL_DIR=../linux-2.6.20 BINDIR=/sbin \ LIBDIR=/lib MANDIR=/usr/share/man \ DESTDIR=$PWD/_pkg install # strip _pkg/sbin/* # strip _pkg/lib/iptables/*
Installing the iptables* applications and libraries sufficient for a basic firewall:
# cp -a _pkg/sbin/iptables* $fs/sbin
# mkdir $fs/lib/iptables
# cp -a _pkg/lib/iptables/{libipt_standard.so,libipt_conntrack.so} \
$fs/lib/iptables
# cp -a _pkg/lib/iptables/{libipt_tcp.so,libipt_udp.so} $fs/lib/iptables
To satisfy the iptables dependencies, you must copy the libnsl* library:
# cp -va /lib/libnsl* $fs/lib/tls # strip $fs/lib/libnsl*
sqlite-3.5.1 - Small SQL database engine
This package provides sqlite3 (www.sqlite.org) and sqlite3.so* libraries. SQLite is fast and efficient and integrates directly to programs using database files:
# cd .. # wget http://www.sqlite.org/sqlite-3.5.1.tar.gz # tar xzf sqlite-3.5.1.tar.gz # cd sqlite-3.5.1 # ./configure --prefix=/usr --disable-tcl # make # make DESTDIR=$PWD/_pkg install # strip _pkg/usr/lib/*.so* # strip _pkg/usr/bin/*
Installing the sqlite3 utility and libraries in the rootfs of SliTaz:
# cp -a _pkg/usr/lib/*.so* $fs/usr/lib # cp -a _pkg/usr/bin/* $fs/usr/bin
cdrkit-1.1.5 - Tools for manipulating CD-ROM and ISO images
cdrkit (www.cdrkit.org) provides tools for manipulating CD-ROMs. SliTaz installs by default wodim for burning and genisoimage to create an ISO image. The compilation is a bit different (cmake), but shouldn't pose any problems:
# cd .. # wget http://cdrkit.org/releases/cdrkit-1.1.5.tar.gz # tar xzf cdrkit-1.1.5.tar.gz # cd cdrkit-1.1.5 # make # make install PREFIX=$PWD/_pkg/usr # strip -v _pkg/usr/bin/* # strip -v _pkg/usr/sbin/* # cp _pkg/usr/bin/genisoimage $fs/usr/bin # cp _pkg/usr/bin/wodim $fs/usr/bin
Copy the library libcap.so.1 required by wodim:
# cp -a /lib/libcap.so* $fs/lib
cpio-2.8 - Archiver
cpio (http://www.gnu.org/software/cpio/) provides tools for
manipulating cpio archives. The archive format is used for packages and the SliTaz initramfs image of the CD-ROM.
Note that BusyBox provides a version of cpio that only unpacks archives:
# cd .. # wget ftp://sunsite.cnlab-switch.ch/mirror/gnu/cpio/cpio-2.8.tar.gz # tar xzf cpio-2.8.tar.gz # cd cpio-2.8 # ./configure --prefix=/usr --bindir=/bin \ --libexecdir=/usr/bin --mandir=/usr/share/man \ --infodir=/usr/share/info # make # make DESTDIR=$PWD/_pkg install # strip -v _pkg/bin/* # strip -v _pkg/usr/bin/*
Installing cpio in /bin and rmt in /usr/bin. You can also install the French locale files:
# cp -a _pkg/bin/* $fs/bin # cp -a _pkg/usr/bin/* $fs/usr/bin # cp -a _pkg/usr/share/locale/fr $fs/usr/share/locale
microperl-5.8.8 - A tiny Perl
Microperl is a tiny implementation of Perl using the most basic functions of the language.
You can find more info in the source archive and the file README.micro.
We use a small sed on the configuration file that searches for microperl modules
in /usr/lib/perl5. We also create a link to the #! /usr/bin/perl script:
# wget http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/CPAN/src/perl-5.8.8.tar.gz # tar xzf perl-5.8.8.tar.gz # cd perl-5.8.8 # sed -i s/'usr\/local'/'usr'/ uconfig.sh # sed -i s/'perl5\/5.9'/'perl5'/ uconfig.sh # sed -i s/'unknown'/'i486-pc-linux-gnu'/ uconfig.sh # make -f Makefile.micro regen_uconfig # make -f Makefile.micro # strip microperl # cp microperl $fs/usr/bin # chroot $fs /bin/ash /# cd /usr/bin /# ln -s microperl perl /# exit
module-init-tools-3.2 - Utilities for manipulating Kernel modules
The module-init-tools from kernel.org: modprobe, insmod, rmmod and lsmod. We have chosen to use these because we can compile modutils/modprobe to support compressed (.gz) modules to save space. To do this we use the option --enable-zlib, we then clean and copy the binaries. We do not take everything that has been created, only what we need: depmod, insmod, modinfo, modprobe and rmmod in /sbin and lsmod in /bin:
# cd ..
# wget http://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/module-init-tools/module-init-tools-3.2.tar.bz2
# tar xjf module-init-tools-3.2.tar.bz2
# cd module-init-tools-3.2
# ./configure --enable-zlib --prefix=/usr --sbindir=/sbin --bindir=/bin \
--sysconfdir=/etc --infodir=/usr/share/info --mandir=/usr/share/man
# make
# make DESTDIR=$PWD/_pkg install
# strip -v _pkg/sbin/{depmod,insmod,modinfo,modprobe,rmmod}
# strip -v _pkg/bin/lsmod
# cp -i _pkg/sbin/{depmod,insmod,modinfo,modprobe,rmmod} $fs/sbin
# cp -i _pkg/bin/lsmod $fs/bin
# cd ..
Copy Kernel modules
Copy files from linux-2.6.20/_pkg:
# cp -a linux-2.6.20/_pkg/lib/* $fs/lib
Compress Kernel modules
Compress modules, this step will gain us back around 50% of available space.
We begin by moving into the rootfs, then we search for all files with the
.ko extension, and compress them. You
can also do this with the ‘gzmodtaz.sh’ script found in SliTaz tools:
# cd $fs
With ‘gztazmod.sh’:
# cp -v ../src/slitaz-tools-1.1/utils/gztazmod.sh sbin # ./sbin/gztazmod.sh lib/modules/2.6.20-slitaz
Or by hand:
# cd lib/modules/2.6.20-slitaz
# find . -name "*.ko" -exec gzip '{}' \;
# sed 's/\.ko/.ko.gz/g' modules.dep > tmp.dep
# rm modules.dep
# mv tmp.dep modules.dep
Generate the initramfs and an ISO image
To create a new ISO image, you can use ‘mktaziso’ in SliTaz tools. Or you can create a new initramfs image, copy it to /boot in the root of the CD-ROM (rootcd) and finally generate an ISO image with genisoimage:
# cd $fs # find . -print | cpio -o -H newc | gzip -9 > ../rootfs.gz # cd .. # cp rootfs.gz rootcd/boot # genisoimage -R -o slitaz-test.iso -b boot/isolinux/isolinux.bin \ -c boot/isolinux/boot.cat -no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 \ -V "SliTaz" -input-charset iso8859-1 -boot-info-table rootcd
Test ISO image:
# qemu -cdrom slitaz-test.iso
Following chapter
The next chapter is called Base Ncurses. It covers the installation and configuration of the ncurses libraries and applications.